Skin aging is characterized by changes in its structural, cellular, and molecular components in both the epidermis and dermis.

Dermal aging is distinguished by reduced dermal thickness, increased wrinkles, and a sagging appearance.

These events are regulated by signaling pathways, such as nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1).

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